The Effects Of Conflict On A Decision Making - 1877 Words

The objective of this essay will demonstration to what extent is conflict detrimental to a decision making. March and Simon (1958,p 112) â€Å"consider conflict as a breakdown in the standard mechanisms of decision making, so that an individual or group experience difficulty in selecting an alternative.† (Rahim, 2011, p. 15). Decision-making â€Å"is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.† (Decision-making process - UMass Dartmouth, 2016). Furthermore, the author will provide detailed information to what extend conflict can be harmful or useful for decision making, followed by the conclusion. Conflict is normal, and we cannot avoid it. Conflicts create an atmosphere†¦show more content†¦Conflict can produce positive results, including a greater capacity to make well-informed decisions. Viewing conflict as an opportunity to strengthen decision-making skills and implement constructive changes to office procedures and policies will result in better outcomes and improved department operations Conflict does not always come from bad decisions, but it can also arise from disagreements over a wrong decision. De Clercq, Thongpapanl, and Dimov, 2008). Academy of Marketing Science report shows that companies who works toward goals and growth often encourage conflict to make the best decision. A conflict also brings the best out of employees as it allows them to be free and individuals bring their own unique ideas and experience. (Stravato and 12, 2014, p. 18). Also, it gives the individual team member the ability to act independently. Nevertheless, in order, this to work team members must maintain the strong relationship that allows them to work together effectively. This link with destructive conflict because destructive conflict tends to create inequality and unevenness of power. Often employees feel they are judged negatively, which leads them to lose focus and confidence. Also, employees experience frustration during the conflict as their voice doesn’t have value towa rds decision making therefore, they tend to avoid communication with co-workers which might create additionalShow MoreRelatedManaging Conflict On The Top Management Teams1050 Words   |  5 Pagesof the conflict on the top management teams by using conflict to encourage creativity and discussion, but it is also be able to stop a teamwork process because of difference of opinions and perspectives between team members. Team conflict is a common part in the company that may obstruct the accomplishment of team goals. However, successfully managing conflict may stimulate creativity that can produce superior decision among a team. There are many academic researchers that shown conflict on the topRead MoreEthics, Conflict Management, And Organizational Commitment1664 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing three topics of ethics, conflict management, and organizational commitment. By exploring these different areas in a business context, we can overall have a better understanding of why individua ls choose to behave a certain way when on the job. For ethical decision-making, I will explore the steps involved in the decision-making process and what internal factors of an individual cause he or she to make an ethical or unethical choice. In terms of conflict management, I will discuss previousRead MoreThe Theory Of An Organization912 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization. The decision making starts at the top, with the person in power and trickles down to the employees in the organizations. Hence, the person in power has the authority and decision making capability. This is also known as bureaucracy, which occurs within a government institution such as; when meetings occur, the commissioner will make the final decisions about goals and how to implement those goals. All organizations recognize that decisions have to be made. The decision theory is similarRead MoreThe Case Of The Conflicted Surgeon1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Case of the Conflicted Surgeon Conflicts of interest are a common topic discussed in news outlets as it is a major source of corruption amongst professionals. Most professionals rely on their own moral compasses to make ethical decisions. Unfortunately, this approach does not always work as studies have shown that professionals can often recognize conflicts of interest for others, but fail to recognize them in their own lives. Thus, some professionals take part in activities that often leadRead MoreThe Cultural Values Of An Organization Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagespercentage (e.g., 10%, 70%, etc.) and explain your reasoning. Organizational Culture An organization’s values and norms that guide decisions and are shared throughout the members is the culture of the organization (Daft, 2016, p. 386). Moreover, this culture helps assimilate new members of the organization, as well as assists members of the organization when making decisions that are not dictated by rules or policies. As described by Martinez, Beaulieu, Gibbons, Pronovost, and Wang, organizational cultureRead MorePuberty And Its Effect On The Family1479 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing puberty, there have been several studies covering the effects of the onset, timing and duration of puberty. This article reviewed the timing of puberty and its effect on the family unit. This article defined the timing of puberty as one of three categories, early onset, on-time or late maturer. The need for further research in this area was necessary because previous studies often contradicted each other. This particular study was completed using participants that were whi te, highlyRead MoreAutocratic And Participative Leadership Styles1285 Words   |  6 PagesAutocratic and Participative Leadership Leadership styles have significant effects on organizations. For instance, it influences organizational culture and determines how leaders address conflict. Ultimately, it impacts organizational performance. Consequently, leaders must adapt their approach to achieve the desired outcome. Therefore, it is imperative leaders understand and can implement a variety of leadership styles. This essay will describe how an autocratic and participative leader’s styleRead MoreAnalyzing Personal Conflict Management Styles1619 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing Personal Conflict Management Style Robert Jeans COM/330 January 23, 2012 David Bonilla Analyzing Personal Conflict Management Style Conflict management is the detriment of many teams or groups in accomplishing its goals. This is because most people do not understand the different conflict styles and how to apply the rules and principles associated with the style you may be dealing with. In this paper I will analyze three of the five management styles discussed in the textbook CommunicationRead MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1583 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Ethics Paper Every day people make decisions that may have profound effect on their personal and/or professional lives as well as the lives of others. The decision people make have a foundation on their personal, cultural, and perhaps organizational values. When these values are in disagreement, an ethical dilemma occurs. This article attempts to explain how personal, cultural, and organizational values play significant parts in decision-making. In addition, the foundation of ethical dilemmasRead MoreEssay on Cultural Values And Personal Ethics in Business1497 Words   |  6 PagesEvery day people make decisions that may have profound effect on their personal and/or professional lives as well as the lives of others. The decision people make have a foundation on their personal, cultural, and perhaps organizational values. When these values are in disagreement, an ethical dilemma occurs. This article attempts to explain how personal, cultural, and organizational values play significant parts in decision-making. In addition, the foundation of ethical dilemmas can often be

Starbucks Brand Introduction Of Starbucks - 1924 Words

Brand Introduction Starbucks was established in 1971 via partners, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker, that were inspired to sell premium coffee product offerings (Starbucks, n.d.). The early years of Starbucks is much different from today considering the firm began as a coffee machine and coffee bean distributor. Roughy a decade later the three partners sold Starbucks to Howard Schultz, which forever changed the direction of the company (Starbucks, n.d.). Shortly after Schultz gained ownership of Starbucks, the firm began to sell premium brewed coffee that the world knows and loves today. After the initial launch of brewed coffee, Starbucks did not expand its product offering for many years. As the company grew in popularity the†¦show more content†¦The firm’s marketing efforts has helped the brand to become regarded as a premium supplier of coffees and a brand that consistently delivers a memorable experience (Starbucks, n.d.). Over the years, Starbucks has become synonymous with corporate social responsibility. The firm s sustainability efforts have focused on the following three facets: community, ethical sourcing and the environment. Starbucks has always taken a collaborative approach with regard to environmental sustainability because the corporation believes it is easier to obtain goals when working with others. The corporation works with non-profit organizations, policy makers, competitors and others in an attempt to advance initiatives that Starbucks and its allies believes are having a significant impact on the entire foodservice industry (Starbucks Global Responsibility Report, 2013). It is apparent that Starbucks is more than a coffee brand. They are a company that brings together consumers from various communities to enjoy coffee. Moreover, Starbucks aims to create a memorable experience for each customer that visits the store. Lastly, the firm is a role model for corporate social responsibility for firms within and outside of the coffee industry. Brand Audit Starbucks’ named was inspired via the â€Å"first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick† (Starbucks Company Profile, 2015). The firm’s logo was inspired via the sea and thus, it features aShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Chap 7 Malhotra1121 Words   |  5 Pages Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. STARBUCKS: Staying Local While Going Global Through Marketing Research Named after the first mate in the novel Moby-Dick, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world. As of 2010, there were more than 16,700 stores in over 50 countries including more than 8,850 company-operated stores and more than 7,850 licensed stores. The company’s objective is to establish Starbucks as the most recognized and respected brand in the world. It expects to achieveRead MoreEssay about Case Brief- Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service623 Words   |  3 PagesCase Brief- Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service Introduction Starbucks is a successful premium coffee retailer. Its target market sets as well-educated, white- color patrons between the ages of 25 and 44. There are three components of the brand, live coffee, service, and atmosphere. However, its brand image is losing while they focus on retail expansion. SWOT analysis [pic] Define the problem Starbucks loses its original image for target and customer satisfaction. Identify the alternativesRead MoreStarbucks974 Words   |  4 PagesWho are the target markets for starbucks? How do they differ from those of other coffee shops? Starbucks primarily targets coffee drinkers. These segments comprise of adults, young adults and Kids and Teens. Starbucks offers its customers a total brand experience which stretches beyond the consumption of the bevergae. The experience includes excellent customer service, gold card loyalty program, specialty coffee drinks, unique drink names, its dedication towards social responsibility, elegant lookingRead MoreStarbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty955 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty In today’s highly competitive business markets, a consumer’s loyalty to a brand often adds reassurance to the company’s stable and lasting position in the marketing world. As the new year continues to unravel, brands must maintain strong marketing strategies in order to keep their current buyers interested as well as capture the eye of new buyers. Brand loyalty after all, is the consumer’s conscious and unconscious decision, expressed through intentionRead MoreStarbucks s Marketing Plan For Starbucks1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction and Overview Founded in 1971 at Pike’s Place Market in Seattle, Washington, Starbucks coffee went from a high-quality, do-it-yourself whole bean retailer to an international 6.4 billion dollar empire. As of 2005, there were 10,500 stores worldwide where customers could enjoy a cup of the internationally recognized coffee at a convenient location. Starbucks achieved this through a series of strategic movements all while offering a great in-store experience and quality coffee. AfterRead MoreChallenges Faced By Starbucks : Swot Analysis1547 Words   |  7 PagesID: NAME: SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: DATE: TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1.1 Introduction of the report Overview of the company Products adapting strategy Problems associated with clients Challenges faced by Starbucks Part 1.2 Situational analysis SWOT analysis PESTEL analysis Mc Kinsey 7s ASSESSMENT 5 PART 1.1: INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT: In this section we have to discuss the company brief introduction such as how the company is facing client’s problems and how this company suggestsRead MoreNadler and Tushmans Formula to Restructure the Starbucks Corporation764 Words   |  3 PagesNadler Tushmans formula to restructure the Starbucks Corporation Introduction According to Nadler Tushman, there are six strategic imperatives for future organizations: the need to focus the companys business portfolio; abbreviate strategic life cycles; create go-to-market flexibility; enhance competitive innovation; and manage intra-enterprise cannibalism (Nadler Tushman 1999). One company that is must restructure itself is the Starbucks Corporation, which has begun to eliminate unprofitableRead MoreStarbucks Case Study Analysis1304 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Analysis: Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service Anitra Joiner Marketing 300C.1 Dr. Laura Pogue May 29, 2011 Specialty-coffeehouse culture is well interwoven into the fabric of American society at this point and we can thank Starbucks for ushering in the phenomenon. Back when three coffee connoisseurs assembled to open the first Starbucks store in Seattle, I’m sure they could not imagine its behemoth future. With the vision of Howard Schultz, Starbucks has grown to become oneRead MoreStarbucks Brand1422 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks Corporation: Managing a High Growth Brand 1 One of the main keys for success for Starbucks in building the brand is their focus on quality, starting by the quality of the whole bean, the freshly roasted gourmet beans, its packaging, transportation, until its brewing. This has served as a main differentiator between Starbucks and other brands. Starbucks has succeeded to position itself as a unique quality coffee provider. Starbucks also managed to build its brand with the perceptionRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Starbucks1275 Words   |  6 Pages Starbucks Coffee SWOT Analysis Boyd Watson Columbia Southern University â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Starbucks Coffee Company is known on a global level for its retails stores, specialty operations, packaged coffee and beverage brands. They are the largest coffeehouse business in the world that has made huge advancements in all the major markets. Starbucks Coffee chain is strong but it always facing major threats in various markets around the world. For Starbucks to keep up with a competitive advantage

Pregnancy Smoking and the Unborn Child Free Essays

This paper discusses the different effects of smoking to pregnant woman. The paper is divided into three parts. First part of the paper shows the statistical data available in the United States about smoking. We will write a custom essay sample on Pregnancy Smoking and the Unborn Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second part of the paper discusses the different experiments that had been done by experts to compare the babies that are not exposed to smoking. Lastly, the third part of the paper shows the other complications of exposure to smoking. A conclusion is also provided in the last part of the paper Smoking is considered as a habit that had contributed negative effects not only to pregnant women but also to people who are not pregnant. There are two ways of exposure to cigarette smoke. First is the exposure through first hand smoking, where a person inhales the smoke through smoking and the second hand smoking where a person inhales the smoke from the cigarette of another smoker. According to statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Development (CDC) (2006) from the Women and Tobacco, cigarette had been the cause of death of 178,000. Further investigation shows that ninety percent of women who had lung cancers can be attributed to smoking. Women who smoke have an increased risk for diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and pulmonary diseases. Looking at the National Statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Development, there is an estimate of 18.1% of women with ages 18 and above is cigarette smokers. Statistics also show that there is an estimate of 18% pregnant women from the ages of 15 to 44 years. As stated above, smoking does not only involve the first hand smoker but also the second hand smoker. Looking at the statistics from the CDC (2006), second hand smoke exposure had declined. It was further explained that the levels of cotinine had fallen down by 70% for the years 1988 to 1991 and 2001-2002. However, even though there has been a decline on the exposure, 126 million non-smoking Americans both children and adult are exposed to this second hand exposure. Children according to the figures from CDC are more exposed than adults. To be exact, 60% of the children in the age bracket of 3 to 11 years old are exposed to second hand smoke. To understand fully the implications on the effect of smoking to the child, an investigation was done by the proponent of the study. There have been several studies that had been made in the past that can further explain the effect of smoking to children. Josephine Thomas had made an experiment regarding the exposure of children to smoking. Based on the report written by Thomas (2000), the effects that might be experienced by children who were exposed to smoke are infertility, coagulation problems, obstetric complications such as extra uterine pregnancy and placenta previa, and intrauterine growth retardation. Results on the study had also shown that unborn children who had been exposed to tobacco smoke could indicate a negative behavior for toddlers and smoking experimentation among adolescents. Mothers who had smoked during pregnancy had scored their children high on toddler negativity, although there are other factors that might influence the children to do so but being exposed to cigarettes had shown that the data proved that the children high on toddler negativity had been exposed. The experts had also experimented on the early experimentation of adolescents with regard to smoking. The results of the study are not clear enough to know. However, experts are speculating that nervous system damage could have happened because of maternal smoking. The damage can be expressed as inattention aggression, depression and anxiety. Another experiment that had been done to compare the effects of maternal smoking exposure is the possible genetic mutation chromosomes of the babies. Based on the results of the study, there are 12.1% smokers and 3.5% non-smokers who had shown a structural chromosomal abnormaities, 10.5% smokers and 8% non-smokers had shown chromosomal instability and 15.7% smokers and 10.1% non-smokers had shown chromosomal lesions. Among the three changed items, the chromosomal instability and chromosomal lesions pose a risk of cancer and blood malignancies to the child who had been exposed to smoke. Lannero et al. (2006) have another experiment that can be associated with the comparison of smokers and non-smokers. The experts had studied 4,089 infants and had observed the babies up to two months. Questionnaires was used by the proponents in order to determine the status of the infants.   Based on the results of the study, it has been proven that maternal smoking increase the risk of recurrent wheezing for babies up to two years of age. Unborn and newlyborn babies are prone to recurrent wheezing. This can also be diagnosed as asthma by the doctors. Lastly, Rebagliato et al (1995) had correlated the exposure of the babies to smoke and the weight of the baby born. The experiment was done in Spain. The duration of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home, work, vehicles and Public places had been collected through a questionnaire. Based on the results there is a very small difference in the weight of the child that had been exposed. Looking at the results closely, these small difference had been a basis that there is a growth retardation to the child exposed to maternal smoking. There are many more experiments that could have been done by the experts to prove their point about exposure to maternal smoking. Healthgoods had shown all the possible effects of maternal smoking. Smoking is said to limit the amount of nutrients and oxygen that would react the unborn child. According to the American Lung Association, maternal smoking brings about several negative effects to the baby. This include miscarriages, still births, very low birth weight and could also result to a sudden infant death syndrome. Other implications of having been exposed to maternal smoke is that the newly-born children suffers more from lung problems, learning deficiencies and behavioral problems. As stated above, behavioral problems are one of the implications of tobacco prenatal exposure. Ear infections are also possible. Breast Feeding mothers are also discouraged to smoke because the chemicals in the cigarettes could enter the breast milk of the mother such as nicotine and carbon monoxide and this can be passed on to the baby. The child and the mother are closely linked together because when women are pregnant, the child and the mother share the same body, inhales the same air and eats the same food. Having a child is very sensitive because whatever the mother does to herself affects the baby. If the mother is a cigarette addict, then she must try to curb her habits well to avoid putting that child that she is carrying at risk. There are many implications, and complications that the child can experience if he or she is exposed to smoking. As much as possible, it is really not advisable to smoke or be surrounded by smokers if a particular person is pregnant. Not smoking a cigarette helps the mother avoid the first hand smoke exposure. However in public places, mothers should take good care that they are not exposed to smokers. Second Hand smoke exposure also has an effect on the baby. The website Healthgoods.com had enumerated several tips to stop smoking to help mothers avoid risking their child’s life. It would be helpful for pregnant women who are addicted to cigarettes to read websites, pamphlets or ask advice from a doctor to help them stop their habits of smoking. REFERENCES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention   (November 2006). Women and Tobacco. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Department of Health and Human Services. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/women_tobacco.htm March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (2007). Smoking and Pregnancy. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Health Goods. Website: Medical Studies/Trials (9 March 2005). Maternal Smoking During Preganancy Associated with Chromosomal Abnormalities. Retrieved last January 22, 2008 from   News Medical.net. Website: http://www.news-medical.net/?id=8330 Thomas, J. (2000) Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Associated With Negative Toddler Behavior and Early Smoking Experimentation. Retrieved last November 22, 2008 from National Institute on Drug Abuse. Website: http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol16N1/Maternal.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention   (October 2006). Trends in Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among U.S. Nonsmokers: Progress and Gaps. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Department of Health and Human Services. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/SecondhandTrends.htm Rebagliato,M., Florey, C.D. and Bolumar, F. (1995) Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Nonsmoking Pregnant Women in Relation to Birthweight.   Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from   American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 142 No. 5 pp. 531-537 . Website: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/142/5/531 How to cite Pregnancy Smoking and the Unborn Child, Essay examples

Analyze and Evaluate Event Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze and Evaluate Event Management. Answer: Introduction Event Management refers to the process of managing all the operations for the effective organization of a particular event or program (Yeoman et al. 2012). For the success of a particular event, effective contribution from the human resources is required. In addition, it needs to be mentioned that there are various stakeholders involved with a particular event. In this particular process, certain factors create their effects on the decision-making process of different stakeholders of the events. Thus, it is necessary to consider all these aspects at the time of managing a particular event. Discussion The main aim of this essay is to analyze and evaluate various aspects of a particular event. It was an Annual Community Function. The concept of the community function was to arrange such kind of a program that would be suitable for everyone of the community irrespective of age group. The major activities of that community function were group dance performance, play, recitation, magic show and a band performance. In addition, there was arrangements for a dinner party for all the community members. The whole program took place at the community hall. The major stakeholders of that community function were the organizing community, sponsors, and members of the community, local authorities, service contractor, performers, participants, entertainers and others. The main objective of this community function was to effectively plan the event so that all the community members can participate and enjoy the program. In order to achieve this particular objective, it is required to take some steps. They are number of people attending, number of participants, take contribution from the sponsors and determination of the profit. It is required for every event to have some specific objectives as they keep the event organizers focus towards the achievement of target. Apart from this, these objectives helped the organizers of the community function to measure the outcome of the event for organization of any future events (Quinn 2013). Thus, the scope of this event is related to the objectives of the community function. One major scope of the community program was to make optimal use of the required resources that are human resources, physical resources and financial resources. Another scope was to complete the whole program within time. It can be seen that the event organizers had the scope to complete the event as per planning (Lotem et al. 2013). From the above discussion, it can be seen that different stakeholders were involved in the event management process of the community function. It is natural that different types of decisions were needed to be made for the effective complementation of the community function. There are various principles of psychology that affected the decision-making process for the community function. There are different theories that helped in the analysis of the effects of various principles on the decision-making process of the stakeholders. Some of those major theories are Csikszentmihalyi and Flow Theory, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and others. Some of those theories are discussed below: The above figure shows the various aspects of the theory of Csikszentmihalyi and Flow. This theory analyzes the psychological situation of the organizations when they take a particular job. From the above diagram, it can be seen that there are many psychological situation of human mind like anxiety, worry, control, boredom and others (Csikszentmihalyi, Abuhamdeh, and Nakamura 2014). It needs to be mentioned that the community program will have different psychological effect on the major stakeholders. During the time of the community function, the organizers were very much anxious about the success of the program. At the same time, they were trying to establish control over the whole program. However, the major concern of the service contractor was to maintain the flow of work so that there is not any inconvenience in the event. At the same time, the spectators were in relaxed mood as they were there to enjoy the program. From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are five steps in the theory of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Different needs of the different stakeholders can be described with the help of this diagram. The particular organization organized the community function out of the social needs of them. Self-fulfillment need worked for the stakeholders like service contractor, performers, entertainers and the program organizers (Cherry 2014). This is because all the major stakeholders of this community functions put their physical as well as mental effort for the successful completion of the community function. Apart from this, the achievements of esteem needs created effects on the stakeholders of the company. The main reason is that the feeling of accomplishment would give them prestige in the community and the workplace. These are the major psychological effects on the major stakeholders of the product. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that the process of event management has many steps like development of the event concept, development of objectives, scope setting and others. Thus, it is required for the organizers to consider all these factors. The above study also shows the effects of some psychological and social factors on the decision-making process of the key stakeholders. For this analysis, two major theories used are Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and the theory of Csikszentmihalyi and Flow. The above discussion shows that self-fulfillment need and esteem need have effects on the decision-making process of the stakeholders. References Cherry, K., 2014. Hierarchy of needs.The Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. About. com Guide.| Link. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S. and Nakamura, J., 2014. Flow. InFlow and the foundations of positive psychology(pp. 227-238). Springer Netherlands. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), pp.15-17. Lotem, A., Cohen, G. and Naon, L.B., Skybox Secutiry Inc., 2013.Method for simulation aided security event management. U.S. Patent 8,407,798. Nakamura, J. and Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2014. The concept of flow. InFlow and the foundations of positive psychology(pp. 239-263). Springer Netherlands. Quinn, B., 2013.Key concepts in event management. Sage. Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S. and McMahon-Beattie, U. eds., 2012.Festival and events management. Routledge.